Физика

Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of powder samples

Principle

Various powder samples are subjected to polychromatic X-rays. The energy of the resulting fluorescence radiation is analysed with the aid of a semiconductor detector and a multichannel analyser. The energy of the corresponding characteristic X-ray fluorescence lines is ...

Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of solutions

Principle

Various saturated solutions are subjected to polychromatic X-rays. The energy of the resulting fluorescence radiation is analysed with the aid of a semiconductor  detector and a multi-channel analyser. The energy of the corresponding characteristic X-ray fluorescence lines ...

Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of ore samples

Principle

Various ore samples are subjected to polychromatic X-rays. The energy of the resulting fluorescence radiation is analysed with the aid of a semiconductor detector and a multichannel analyser. The energy of the corresponding characteristic X-ray fluorescence lines is ...

Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of alloyed materials

Principle

Various alloyed materials are subjected to polychromatic X-rays. The energy of the resulting fluorescence radiation is analysed with the aid of a semiconductor detector and a multichannel analyser. The energy of the corresponding characteristic X-ray fluorescence lines is ...

Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of solutions

Principle

Various solutions, with known element concentrations, are subjected to polychromatic X-rays. The energy and intensity of the resulting fluorescence radiation of the dissolved elements are analysed with the aid of a semiconductor detector and a multichannel analyser. In order to ...

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy ? layer thickness determina

Principle

X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is suitable for the non-contact and non-destructive thickness measurement of thin layers as well as for determining their chemical composition. For this type of measurement, the X-ray source and detector are located on the same side of the ...

Compton effect - energy-dispersive direct measurement

Principle

Photons of the molybdenum Kα X-ray line are scattered at the quasi-free electrons of an acrylic glass cuboid. The energy of the scattered photons is determined in an angle-dependent manner with the aid of a swivelling semiconductor detector and a ...

Energy-dispersive measurements of K- and L-absorption edges

Principle

Thin powder samples are subjected to polychromatic X-rays. The energy of the radiation that passes through the samples is analysed with the aid of a semiconductor detector and a multi-channel analyser. The energy of the corresponding absorption edges is determined and the ...

Determination of the lattice constants of a monocrystal

Principle

Polychromatic X-rays impinge on a monocrystal under various glancing angles. The rays are reflected by the lattice planes of the monocrystal. An energy detector is only used to measure those radiation parts that interfere constructively. The lattice constant of the crystal is ...

Duane-Hunt displacement law

Principle

X-ray spectra of an X-ray tube are measured in an energy dispersive manner with a semiconductor detector and with various anode voltages. Duane and Hunt's  law of displacement is verified with the aid of the maximum energy of the bremsspectrum.

Tasks

1. Recording of the ...

Computed tomography

The CT principle is demonstrated with the aid of simple objects. In the case of very simple targets, only a few images need to be taken in order to achieve a good result. The more complicated the objects are, the more images are necessary in order to show all the details. In ...

Principles of Digital X-ray Imaging

Principle

With digital X-ray imaging, X-ray photons that interact with the detector are converted to a digital signal. This permits to record digital radiographies. With this experiment, the principles of digital detectors for X-ray imaging are laid out.

Tasks

1. Define a good exposure ...

Principles of X-ray attenuation and contrast

Principles of beam intensity

Principles of resolution and detail detectability

Principle

In X-ray imaging, resolution is an important factor. It determines the sharpness of the images and the de-tails of a sample that can be observed. In this experiment, the different factors that determine the resolu-tion are investigated.

Tasks

1. Investigate the resolution in ...